The Scriptorium Content Ops Manifesto
Content Operations (content ops or ContentOps) is the engine that drives your content lifecycle.
The Scriptorium Content Ops Manifesto describes the four basic principles of content ops:
- Semantic content is the foundation.
- Friction is expensive.
- Emphasize availability.
- Plan for change.
1. Semantic content is the foundation.
Single-channel publishing processes, where content is written, edited, and then sent to a specific output type, are obsolete. Instead, content is pushed, pulled, assembled, disassembled, and manipulated for many different targets.
To accommodate these diverse requirements, the content needs to carry contextual information, such as:
- Tags. Tags are identifying information, such as title, abstract, link, or emphasis.
- Metadata. Metadata provides additional information. For example, you might have a booktitle tag with isbn metadata. The booktitle tag gives you the common name of the book, but the isbn metadata identifies the exact edition and could be used to create a link to an online bookseller or database. At a higher level, metadata lets you classify information, such as by subject matter, author, or product family. A classification system lets you sort and filter information.
- Sequencing and hierarchy. To assemble small chunks of content into a larger document, you need sequencing and hierarchy information. For example, a magazine is made up of a collection of articles. To generate a print version of the magazine, you need to specify the order of the articles. A document hierarchy lets you define a tree relationship among pieces of content. For example, an article might include several sidebars, and those sidebars are considered subordinate to the main article. You need a way to capture sequencing and hierarchy information for different types of content.
2. Friction is expensive.
In a content lifecycle, friction refers to productivity impediments—processes that require human intervention:
- Copying and pasting information from one location to another
- Manual formatting (or reformatting) of content to accommodate different delivery channels or languages
- Manual collaboration, review, and approval workflows
- Process workarounds to address special one-off requirements
- Creating redundant copies of information instead of using existing content
A sufficient degree of friction in the content lifecycle makes it impossible to scale up content. For example, consider a marketing
white paper. The plan is to publish the white paper on the company website in HTML and PDF formats. In addition, the marketing team will use excerpts from the white paper in promotional emails and posts. The document will also be translated into 10 languages to support the company’s global audience.
Here are some common points of friction and ways to eliminate them:
- White paper is published in HTML and then converted into PDF by hand. Avoid this by authoring the content in a neutral format and then automatically converting it to HTML and PDF.
- Marketing team reads through white paper to identify key points to use in emails and posts. Instead, have the white paper author tag key points in the source documents, and extract the tagged content automatically. For the emails, pull out the document’s tagged title and abstract.
- HTML is translated and then re-converted into PDF for all 10 languages. To avoid this, ship the neutral format for translation and make sure that the automatic conversion to HTML and PDF supports all the required languages.
- Authors duplicating existing information. To attack redundancy, set up a content management system that helps authors find usable chunks of information and reuse them as needed.
Content scalability refers to your ability to expand your content lifecycle to process more content, more content types, more channels, more languages, and more variants. The greater your scalability needs, the more critical it becomes to eliminate friction.
Workflow and governance are also common areas of friction. In some industries, complex approval workflows and multiple layers of quality control are necessary. But many organizations have time-consuming, multifaceted governance processes that don’t match the risk profile of the content. If your content is regulated, can have health and safety risks, or is otherwise high risk, heavy governance may be needed.
Friction slows down your content lifecycle and introduces waste into the process. Eliminate it so that you can operate more efficiently and more accurately. Software tools, especially content management systems, translation management systems, and automated rendering engines, are essential components.
3. Emphasize availability.
Customers expect content on demand, in their preferred format and language. For content ops, that means focusing on content access:
- Ensure that information is current and accurate. Push updates early and often.
- Ensure that information is accessible. Do not assume that all of your readers have perfect vision, hearing, and fine motor control. Instead, provide at least two ways to access information—at a minimum, a podcast should have a transcript, a graphic should have a descriptive caption, and videos should have captions. Provide keyboard navigation options in addition to clickable regions. Choose colors carefully, so that a color-blind person can use your material.
- Provide a variety of delivery options to accommodate your customer’s needs. Consider how you might improve the customer experience with personalized information delivery.
- Give customers entry points into the information: for example, search, faceted search, filtering, category-based navigation, linking related information, and curated pages for specific topics.
- Localize and translate your content. Remember that in many countries, you will need more than one language to reach your target audience. The US, for example, has roughly 40 million native Spanish speakers.
- In addition to traditional content publishing (the organization pushes out content for users), look at a pull model, in which a user can request relevant information from a repository.
- Consider the user’s context in time and space to improve the relevance of information.
4. Plan for change.
Content ops will evolve with new forms of content, new tools, and new business requirements. With this in mind, prioritize flexibility:
- When you choose a platform, have an exit strategy in mind from the beginning.
- Audit your systems regularly to ensure that they are still meeting your needs.
- Conduct forward-looking needs analysis to identify emerging trends and requirements.
- Build out metrics and measurements that help you understand your content ops systems’ overall performance.
Thanks to Rahel Anne Bailie, Patrick Bosek, Carlos Evia, Jeffrey MacIntyre, and Kevin Nichols for helping to clarify my content ops thinking.
Christian
Hello Sarah – This is article is very helpful, thank you.
In the “Friction Is Expensive” section, you mention shipping content in a ‘neutral’ format. Which neutral formats do you recommend?
Thanks,
Sarah O'Keefe
Hi Christian,
The best format depends on your specific requirements. Scriptorium does a ton of work in XML and specifically DITA XML. Most of our customers have large volumes of technical content with heavy reuse and localization. If that’s your situation, you might take a closer look at DITA. But there are numerous other choices. If you’re not sure about requirements, we recommend doing a formal assessment to figure out your best option.
Christian Walker
Hello Sarah –
Thank you for your reply and expertise. Your answer makes perfect sense as we truly have a collection of tools with various format requirements. Do you have any recommendations related to assessment best practices that you could point us to? Thinking that the ‘best’ formats could come down to several and represent the predominant formatting needs across all or some systems depending on the scope. Is that accurate?
Thank you again.
Sarah O'Keefe
We actually have a pretty detailed white paper on How We Do This:
https://scriptoriumstg.wpengine.com/2019/07/the-scriptorium-approach-to-content-strategy/
The first few sections talk about understanding the existing content landscape and assessing what’s there…
And I guess at this point I should mention that we offer consulting services in this area.
Christian Walker
Excellent!
Thank you Sarah, I will review the white paper, and follow-up with any additional questions or actions.
Suzette Boltz
Hi Sarah,
Thanks for publishing this. Can you unpack the following quote about using a pull model? I’m curious about how we can get our users connected to master content that they can form to their needs.
“In addition to traditional content publishing (the organization pushes out content for users), look at a pull model, in which a user can request relevant information from a repository.”
Sarah O'Keefe
I’m doing a webcast in October on this very topic! (https://scriptoriumstg.wpengine.com/event/content-as-a-service-the-backbone-of-modern-content-operations-webcast/)
The short, immediate answer is that you create your content in whatever way and make it available via a delivery engine. But instead of serving up formatted content, you just provide “naked” content, which the requestor can then process and render. This approach is called Content as a Service (CaaS) and typically involves a middleware layer with an API. Sometimes, this is called a headless CMS.
One way of looking at it is that the content owner shifts the responsibility of filtering and rendering onto the content consumer. As a reader, I can select what I want to see and how I want it formatted. Your job as owner is just to make the information available in a way that I can consume.
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